INFORMATION AND ANALYTICAL SUPPORT THREAT MONITORING AND MEANS OF OVERCOMING CHALLENGES TO NATIONAL SECURITY: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECT.

• Author: Pylypenko, Volodymyr

1. Introduction

   The hybrid aggression of the Russian Federation challenged the world order. However, such actions of an aggressor became a powerful impetus for the review by individual countries and international organizations of conceptual approaches to ensuring national and social stability in order to adapt to new conditions. Since the war with the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine has been going on for more than seven years, the development of the capabilities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of the security and defense sector is extremely important. As the events of the last decade have shown, the ineffectiveness of the national security system is one of the biggest threats to Ukraine's national security. The reasons for this were, and still remain unsolved, the following, among others:

   - lack of unity of the security and defense sector as a functional association managed by a single center;

   - inefficiency and insufficient use of resources;

   - unbalanced functioning of the components of the security and defense sector.

   Among the national priorities for eliminating this threat, in particular, are:

   - the need to improve the architecture of effective management and coordination of the security and defense sector;

   - creation of a unified system of monitoring, analysis, forecasting and decisionmaking in the field of security.

   Issues of timely identification and prevention of threats to national security, determination of the course of action in crisis situations in the coherence and holistic nature of measures of a political, military, economic, informational and other nature are updated (Alhogail and Abdulrahman 2014, Bondarenko et al. 2021).

   In order to win the confrontation with the enemy, the issue of constant monitoring of the security environment becomes especially relevant. After all, the results of such monitoring are the basis for making relevant and timely management decisions regarding the implementation of the concept of national sustainability (Bondarenko et al. 2021) and preventive measures regarding threats to national security (Cristea 2020, Gutorova et al. 2019).

   The capabilities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other constituent parts of the security and defense sector are criteria or requirements for their forces and means necessary to ensure the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to them. The assessment components have been defined as: individual capabilities, groups of capabilities, groups of functional capabilities and capabilities of all Defense Forces. The issue of choosing priority directions for the development of Ukraine's defense capability became particularly relevant at the end of 2020, given:

   - implementation of the principles of national security policy and planning of defense spheres;

   - the need to choose the process of European integration;

   - completion of the formation of the security and defense sector.

   Therefore, ensuring the ability of the nation and society to resist various threats is becoming increasingly important (Kuznetsovet al. 2019, Sunet al. 2019, Popov et al. 2021, Samusevych et al. 2021). The need to respond to mixed threats, to rapid and sudden changes in the security environment raises questions about the formation of national resilience. This includes, among other things, the introduction of new mechanisms that will allow the existing system of national security to adapt to new conditions, quickly and effectively respond to risks, identify them and confront threats. The main condition for the effective implementation of the task of protecting national interests from real and potential threats is the acceleration of the reform of the national defense and security structures of Ukraine, increasing the efficiency of the activities of all national security entities without exception.

   Analysis of the situation regarding national security in Ukraine shows that its threats tend to grow. The key risks and threats have concentrated in the economic, socio-political, international, military, information and environmental spheres. Most of them are progressive in nature.

   The main issue of national security is monitoring and assessing the level of threats to national interests and forecasting the development of events related to the realization or protection of national interests. The purpose of the study is to develop scientifically based recommendations for implementing internationally-legal security mechanisms monitoring threats and finding ways to overcome challenges to national security.

   Such a system of monitoring threats to national security and defense becomes an important constituent element of the system mechanism of forming the capabilities of the security and defense forces, implementing and ensuring the national stability of Ukraine. The concept of national stability is significantly different from the technical and physical stability of the system. The main characteristic here is not the equilibrium state of the system and the ability to return to it in the event of disturbing influences, or the preservation of the given trajectory of movement in the event of opposing forces, but the ability to effectively use and autonomously change the resources of its development, to continuously increase the indicators of positive changes, without increasing or minimizing the costs of basic, non-renewable resources.

2. Literature review

   The world is becoming increasingly technological, open, changing. The digitization of all spheres of life, the rapid growth of IT creates, in addition to new opportunities, the latest security problems around the world (Yarovenko 2020, Zinovieva et al. 2021). The rapid development of the global big data industry, technological evolution and new technologies of data storage, computing and analytics, machine learning and deep data analysis have already become a challenge for the security environment, causing the latest challenges for national security (Xu et al. 2021, Babenko et al. 2019). Big data is acquiring the status of a national strategic resource and has already become the main factor of production (Sun et al. 2019, Yin et al. 2017). Big data security issues are on the rise, and the number of big data security incidents occurring around the world is steadily increasing (Yin et al. 2017).

   Researchers justify the need to use Big Data technology in the process of making strategic decisions (Hubanova et al. 2021, Ivashchenko et al. 2021).

   As practice shows, analysis in the field of national security is based on data from the security and defense sector. Such data related to events that have already occurred, which become focal points for predicting future events and developing probable development scenarios and choosing adequate response measures. At the same time, borrowing external data opens up greater opportunities for advancing along the chain of analytical research: from the assessment of past events to reliable forecasting of future challenges and threats to national security (Kachynskyi 2019, Klochanet al. 2020).

   Based on this, the issue of global data security management is hot on the agenda. The security services of countries are constantly searching for solutions for further modernization of data security management systems, elimination of information security problems (Kuznetsovet al. 2021, Marhasovaet al. 2020).

   Improving the cyber security of the state requires timely amendments to the legislation in order to introduce the practice of Big Bounty--disclosure of cyber vulnerabilities of state authorities. Thus, starting in 2022, in Ukraine, the positions of cyber security officers will be introduced in state authorities and critical infrastructure facilities, subordinate to the State Service for Special Communications and Information Protection (The National Security and Defense Council 2022).

   Kachynskyi (2019) argues that it is possible to forecast and make decisions in the field of national security only on the basis of relevant indicators and indices.

   When monitoring national security with the help of indicators, indices and their threshold values, it is important to monitor the dynamics of processes taking place in various spheres of national security, and not to evaluate individual events situationally. This approach makes it possible to consider the management of the national security system using threshold values and indicators as a regulatory activity (Bielova et al. 2017).

   Researchers indicate that the situation in the field of national security of countries has changed significantly as a result of COVID-19 pandemic (ATA 2021, Dovhan et al. 2021).

   The world is becoming increasingly mobile, and events are interconnected, creating the most acute threats to the national interests of countries. These are: environmental and climatic changes, humanitarian problems, social and political instability, geopolitical rivalry, etc. For example, despite the pandemic, China is challenging the United States in many areas, especially economic, military, and technological, which is prompting a change in global norms. Russia is increasingly demonstrating the language of force. Iran will remain a high-threat region with significant adverse impacts. North Korea continues to be a disruptive player both in the region and on world stage. The key adversaries and competitors are strengthening and training their military, cyber and other capabilities, raising risks globally, weakening conventional deterrence, and intensifying long-standing threats from weapons of mass destruction (A New International Law of Security and Protection).

   The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are increasing the strain on governments and societies, fuelling humanitarian and economic crises, political unrest and geopolitical competition, with China and Russia seeking advantage through avenues such as 'vaccine diplomacy'. These latest types of threats have not escaped any country.

   The consequences of the pandemic measures...